Home page

Not knowing what to write at the home page yet. May be filled later.

Anyway, I can be contacted via the email address angeci (at) ltgc.cc. Sadly mails can’t be sent via this domain at the moment, so replies would be sent from another email address.

Translations can be submitted through email, or by issuing a PR on this GitHub repo.

There is no comment section at the beginning stage of the blog. (Cuz I’m too lazy to find a place to host the comment system; Would there be one after some time? Who knows.) Comments can be submitted through means like email or private messages, and the comments would be posted at the “Featured Comments” section at the end of each post.

Introduction to Cantonese Phonology

The romanization system used in this article is Jyutping.

Initials

Standard Cantonese has 20 phonemic initial consonants. Although many people do mix up several pairs like /n/ and /l/, /ŋ/ and /ʔ/ ~ ∅.

LabialDental/AlveolarPalatalVelarLabiovelarGlottal
Unaspirated Plosiveb /p/d /t/g /k/gw /kʷ/∅ /ʔ/ ~ ∅
Aspirated Plosivep /pʰ/t /tʰ/k /kʰ/kw /kʰʷ/
Nasalm /m/n /n/ng /ŋ/
Unaspirated Affricatez /ts/ ~ /tʃ/
Aspirated Affricatec /tsʰ/ ~ /tʃʰ/
Fricativef /f/s /s/ ~ /ʃ/h /h/
Laterall /l/j /j/w /w/

Alveolar and postalveolar affricates seems to be either allophones or free variation. Some people pronounce /ts/, /tsʰ/, /s/ before unrounded vowels, and /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/, /ʃ/ before rounded vowels, while some people only pronounce the alveolar variant in all positions. Linguistic materials suggest that these two sets of initial consonants are actually distinguished in pre-1950s Cantonese, however. See my other post “A Brief Discussion on Several Chinese Dialectal Phenomena” for further information.

Rhymes

There are usually considered 8 main vowel phonemes in standard Cantonese, although there are about 11 realizations of these phonemes. Items marked with an asterisk * are rare rhymes.

ɐɛːɔːœː
-∅aa /aː/a* /ɐ/e /ɛː/i /iː/o /ɔː/oe /œː/u /uː/yu /yː/
-iaai /aːi/ai /ɐi/ei /ei/oi /ɔːi/eoi /ɵy/ui /uːi/
-uaau /aːu/au /ɐu/eu /ɛːu/iu /iːu/ou /ou/
-maam /aːm/am /ɐm/em /ɛːm/im /iːm/om* /om/m /m̩/
-paap /aːp/ap /ɐp/ep /ɛːp/ip /iːp/op* /op/
-naan /aːn/an /ɐn/en* /ɛːn/in /iːn/on /ɔːn/eon /ɵn/un /uːn/yun /yːn/
-taat /aːt/at /ɐt/et* /ɛːt/it /iːt/ot /ɔːt/eot /ɵt/ut /uːt/yut /yːt/
aang /aːŋ/ang /ɐŋ/eng /ɛːŋ/ing /ɪŋ/ong /ɔːŋ/oeng /œːŋ/ung /ʊŋ/ng /ŋ̩/
-kaak /aːk/ak /ɐk/ek /ɛːk/ik /ɪk/ok /ɔːk/oek /œːk/uk /ʊk/

Older Cantonese also has /om/ and /op/, though they are usually merged into /ɐm/ and /ɐp/ today.

/aː/, /ɐ/, /ɛː/ and /iː/ are considered as unrounded vowels, while /ɔː/, /œː/, /uː/ and /yː/ are considered as rounded vowels. The roundness of the vowel may determine whether the /ts/, /tsʰ/, /s/ or /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/, /ʃ/ set of initial is used.

All stop codas (i.e. -p, -t and -k) are unreleased, unlike most European languages.

Tones

Tone numberTraditional nameDescriptionValueIPA
1/7陰平/短陰入high level/high falling55/53˥˥/˥˧
2陰上medium rising35˧˥
3/8陰去/長陰入medium level33˧˧
4陽平low falling/very low level11/21˩˩/˨˩
5陽上low rising23˨˧
6/9陽去/陽入low level22˨˨

短陰入 and 長陰入 are also referred as 高陰入 and 低陰入 respectively.

💡 Fun fact

Cantonese is one of the handful Chinese variant that preserves the 陽上 tone. Most modern Chinese variant just merge it in 陽去 or 陰上.

RSS Publish Date Adjustment

What is the optimal value of the publish date inside a RSS feed?

Last updated on Friday, April 24, 2026
⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

After reading about Alex Hsu’s post “Your RSS posts might only live half as long as everyone else’s” today, I immediately checked the information in my RSS feed, and found out that the <pubDate> field inside the RSS feed takes the date field instead of the lastmod field, specified inside the post’s frontmatter. The publishing time I expect to be displayed in RSS feed should be the latter.

My current publishing process

This site is currently built using Hugo and GitHub Pages. When I write a new article, I will look at the current time just before saving the file, then manually fill in the time into the date field of the frontmatter, and then push it to GitHub as soon as possible. When I update old articles, I don’t edit the date field but lastmod instead. Little did I know, that such an update method would actually screw myself up.

Start working on it

To modify the publish date inside the RSS feed, we can start with the file layouts/rss.xml (at least this is the file for the theme I am using now). There is a line in this file that looks like this:

<pubDate>{{ .PublishDate.Format "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 -0700" | safeHTML }}</pubDate>

Where .PublishDate represents the date field of the frontmatter, and lastmod is .Lastmod. Just replace this value and it should be done.

I don’t know if it is possible to automatically fill in and change the publish date based on my current publishing process. If possible, I might try it when I have time in the future.

📌 Update on 2026/04/24

Found this Hugo option to fetch dates from Git. Not sure if it’s useful for me or not.

Blog Maintenance

Technical news about this blog.

Last updated on Wednesday, April 22, 2026
⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

Finally get a self-hosted blog (somewhat) set up online, but still struggling to get everything working.

Since I’m not quite familiar with the framework, there may be a lot of bugs around the site. So feel free for providing technical supports by contacting me or issue PRs directly on the GitHub repo! Thank you for the support from all the readers!

📌 Update on 2026/03/14

After playing around with various settings, most of the visible UI issues have finally been resolved! Though taking longer than I initially expected. However, I still don’t figure out why the “reading time” isn’t displaying at all.

📌 Update on 2026/04/13

Major UI revamp. The not-displaying “reading time” issue has been resolved.

📌 Update on 2026/04/23

Change the colour scheme on the entire site.

Blog Questions Challenge

BlogBlog Club’s side events! Let’s all join in!

⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

Well, this is a follow-up post. The original version of the question set used in this post comes from Kev Quirk, an incomplete list of traditional Chinese blogs that have recently followed suit includes: 廢文小天地Hong-Sheng HuangJN侃侃而隨想極短文IkukaShuyuWiwiAlex HsuShuo-Jen Huang

Question list

  1. Why did you start blogging in the first place?
  2. What platform are you using to manage your blog and why did you choose it?
  3. Have you blogged on other platforms before?
  4. How do you write your posts? For example, in a local editing tool, or in a panel/dashboard that’s part of your blog?
  5. When do you feel most inspired to write?
  6. Do you publish immediately after writing, or do you let it simmer a bit as a draft?
  7. What’s your favourite post on your blog?
  8. Any future plans for your blog? Maybe a redesign, a move to another platform, or adding a new feature?

My answers

Why did you start blogging in the first place?

Mainly for storing some notes and also to check out BlogBlog Club? I haven’t finished organizing all my notes yet.

What platform are you using to manage your blog and why did you choose it?

Currently, the only “platform” I’m using is GitHub Pages, and the website interface itself is generated using Hugo. Perhaps I’ll consider renting a VPS sometime when I wish to set up a message board. Perhaps I’ll migrate the entire website to another hosting platform sometime in the future.

Have you blogged on other platforms before?

I dabbled in Blogger a long time ago, but I didn’t have as much free time to write blogs back then, so I quickly abandoned it.

How do you write your posts?

All markdown files are edited directly using a local text editor.

This blog website has English and Cantonese versions, but since I rarely promote this website in circles where people don’t understand Chinese, most of the English content on this site has been roughly translated using machine translation tools, and I’ll proofread it more carefully later when I have time.

When do you feel most inspired to write?

It’s hard to say, there’s no fixed time.

Do you publish immediately after writing, or do you let it simmer a bit as a draft?

Both. Sometimes, when an idea strikes, I immediately write the whole thing and publish it right away. Other times, if I only have a small part of an idea, I might save it as a draft, or I might publish it first and then revise it later. Those articles for BlogBlog Club, which require more effort, are also written in parts. I don’t think I’ll have the willpower to maintain daily updates in the short term, so there’s no point in hoarding posts.

What’s your favourite post on your blog?

The number of posts on this site is not very large at the moment, so it’s hard to say.

Any future plans for your blog?

  • When the website has enough traffic, I might consider setting up a message board?
  • Perhaps I’ll consider moving the entire website to its own domain?

Elevator’s Placebo Button

⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

It’s said that in foreign countries (especially the Western world, and particularly in older elevators), elevator doors don’t always provide a “close” button.

It’s also said that in some places, the “close” button on elevator doors is just a placebo.

However, in Hong Kong, from what I’ve seen, the “close” button on most elevator doors actually works.

From an engineering perspective, adding a “close” button complicates the entire elevator’s design, so sometimes it’s better to not provide one.

From a cultural perspective, perhaps foreign cultures simply don’t care about making the elevator doors close quicker, they’ll close automatically when the time comes, why are you even rushing!

I have an elevator I use frequently, and its close button seems to be a placebo. As soon as someone enters and presses the floor button, the door starts closing by itself.

Productivity: Prisoner’s Dilemma, Nash Equilibrium and Twilight of the Gods

Prisoner’s Dilemma, Nash Equilibrium and Twilight of the Gods

⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

💡 BlogBlog Club!

This is my submission article for “BlogBlog Club Party - April 2026”. This month’s topic is “Productivity”, hosted by Wen. If you have your own blog, feel free to join us together!

Incomplete information game: Prisoner’s dilemma and Nash equilibrium

Many games in this world involve incomplete information, meaning that each party involved has hidden information that is unknown to the other parties.

Let’s say the police is negotiating a plea bargain with two prisoners. If both prisoners remain silent (“mutual cooperation”), they will each serve to six months in prison; If one testifies against the other (“defects”) while the other does not (“cooperates”), the one testifying will be set free while the other serves ten years in prison; If they both testify against each other (“mutual defection”), they will each serve five years. The two prisoners are separated and cannot communicate with each other.

B cooperatesB defects
A cooperates-0.5, -0.5-10, 0
A defects0, -10-5, -5

This is called the prisoner’s dilemma. You’ll find that when neither side can trust the other, the optimal strategy for both, considering only their own interests, is to defect! However, mutual defection doesn’t bring better overall benefit to either side (it only maximizes the individual interests of each prisoner), creating a lose-lose situation of “better to die than live in dishonour.” When neither side has any incentive to unilaterally change their choice, a Nash equilibrium is formed.

It can be said that many consequences of incomplete information games actually reduce the overall productivity of the entire world.1

(If the benefits of cooperation outweigh the losses from betrayal, it’s not called the prisoner’s dilemma but a stag hunt. In a stag hunt, both “cooperation” and “betrayal” are Nash equilibria.)

Twilight of the gods: A lose-lose situation

Facing the never-seen change of lavatories, there’s no perfect ready-made product in every way. You can only pick the least smelly one from all kinds of shit, and try to make it into a way that you can accept.

Advertising dilemma

Applying the prisoner’s dilemma to the business world, it can be interpreted as follows: Each company has two choices: one is to invest more resources in advertising to weaken or defeat competitors (mutual defection); the other is to reach an agreement with competitors to reduce wasted resources on advertising (cooperation). In the real business environment, mutual defection is extremely common, resulting in a large amount of resources and network traffic being wasted on advertising, while the vast majority of consumers don’t even glance at it.

In this game, the ultimate victims are the end users. Overly aggressive advertising has forced them to activate ad blockers. With Google’s declaration of war on ad blockers, a new dilemma is quietly unfolding. Some websites and services (which may have some value) have to rely on advertising to survive or they will starve, but advertising services rely on various privacy-violating trackers, scaring away privacy-conscious users. However, this user loss indirectly threatens the platform’s finances, creating a dilemma.

Browser wars

Let’s first take a look at the browsers you’re using. What are the advantages and disadvantages of common browsers?

  • It’s not the first day that Google Chrome has been criticized as spyware and adware.
  • Microsoft Edge’s interface is relatively annoying, and has also been criticized as spyware and adware.
  • Firefox’s backgrounds appear more free, and its interface is cleaner, but due to its market share, some websites may not be as Firefox-friendly. Besides, Pront and (past2) Wiwi accuse it of being a spyware, and the Android version of Firefox is reportedly not very handful.
  • According to Lumière Élevé, one of the co-founders of Lightingale Community, Brave should receive the same treatment as browsers that “threaten user security” (to be blocked in LTGC’s services), and says that “No one’s going to cry over a crypto bro’s scheme anyway, it’s even using the Chromium kernel controlled by Google.”, “I don’t care if it’s held at gun point or not”.
  • Safari is exclusive to Apple platforms, and it used some unsavoury methods to forcibly maintain its market share.
  • LibreWolf is quite suitable for privacy enthusiasts, but it’s not worth to be considerated for loading pages that require hardware acceleration.
  • Cromite is probably the most privacy-conscious browser in the Chromium-family, and it doesn’t have any shit from the cryptocurrency communities, but it still has some of the original sins of the Chromium-family3.

From above, there’s no perfect ready-made product in every way. You can only pick the least smelly one from all kinds of shit, and try to make it into a way that you can accept.

Ragnarok of instant messaging softwares

Instant messaging softwares are also a pile of shit, you can only choose from different kinds of shit.

  • Discord is too commercialized, and there’s still controversy surrounding age verification.
  • Telegram now has more and more paid features, the idea of “forever free” is a thing of the past. Furthermore, the Telegram’s sound transmission quality is worse than that of Discord’s.
  • Matrix’s stability (especially the Synapse-based home server) doesn’t seem to be good enough.
  • Stoat aims to replace Discord. Although it uses the slogan “anti-discrimination”, it seems to have regional discrimination against people from certain countries, which is a case of generalizing from one to the whole group.
  • Fluxer is also an alternative to Discord, but it has learned Discord’s monetization methods exactly, and even surpassed them.
  • SimpleX is usable and offers top-notch security, but cross-device login is out of the question.
  • While Signal’s encryption itself is not particularly problematic, there are many issues beyond encryption. In addition to the notification push of private messages containing plaintext, the team behind it has no concept of anti-censorship and continues to recommend their seriously problematic TLS proxy to users in censored regions, putting users at risk.
  • WhatsApp will keep feeding your information to Meta, it’s too commercial.

Powered by love

It’s quite ideal that one could make a living solely by participating in free software projects, but in reality, very few people can sustain themselves entirely through free software development.

In reality, FOSSes often rely on the following methods to survive:

  • Selling related peripheral services (such as technical support for Caddy, cURL, SQLite3, as well as a certain scorewriter software with a bad eating manner)
  • Dual licensing of software allows open-source software to use its dependencies for free under open-source licenses, while closed-source software requires a paid license. (such as Qt, JUCE)
  • Obtain special grants (such as grants from NLnet, FOSS.United, etc., such as Rethink).
  • Selling pre-built binary files (such as Ardour)
  • Obtaining government contracts (Tuwunnel obtained a funding contract from the Swiss government) or corporate contracts (Valve funded some KDE developers through corporate contracts).
  • Getting donations (Purely powered by love, requiring a lot of popularity.)
  • Exploiting loopholes in licensing agreements to directly sell licenses (RHEL)

These survival strategies often have a low success rate when starting free software, resulting in free software often becoming a side hustle that doesn’t receive sufficient labour, leading to the current free software market being of inconsistent quality.

The stagnant free software market

“What’s the use of free software if it can’t even get anything done?” — Anonymous

The consequence of games is that many necessary software and services often fail to meet (all) ideal conditions, even though there are actually quite a few readily available options.

Wiwi once compiled a guide to real tech nerds. I think many of his views (at least in 2026) are too radical, and some projects are actually not very realistic. Insufficient budgets could even become a burden on productivity.

  • Do you really think everyone in the world is capable of building their own offline AI? My bottleneck isn’t in technical ability, but rather in aspects that the most Taiwanese wouldn’t even aware a shit of. See below for more details.
  • “Attitude towards advertising” is a dilemma, as stated above.
  • Avoiding subscription services (or “renting”) sounds very ideal and lofty, but in this era of twilight of the gods, how many buy-to-play software options are actually available?
  • Proprietary formats can surely be avoided for personal use, but when you have to work to make a living, do you think you can completely avoid them?
  • With the free software market still stagnant, market demand will lean more towards mainstream operating systems like Windows and macOS, making Linux software development less commercially viable. Wine is not a panacea.
  • Do you really think setting up a self-hosted mail server is that easy? The global email service has been plagued by spam mails for many years, leading to a trust deadlock that makes it very difficult to send emails from a self-hosted mail service.
  • Instant messaging software is a twilight of the gods, as stated above.

However, I’m currently still struggling financially. This blog you see here doesn’t even have its own domain name4, let alone any of the extremely expensive self-hosted services.

The impact of artificial intelligence on productivity

Given that artificial intelligence can quickly accomplish tasks that previously required far more time and effort from humans, it’s fair to say that AI’s productivity (in some areas) has already surpassed that of humans. In these AI-dominated fields, only the most outstanding humans will survive, those whose productivity cannot keep up with AI will be eliminated by society.

  • When I was a child, I dreamed of becoming a software engineer, but now that vibe coding is so popular, being a software engineer is no longer as commercially viable.
  • When I was a kid, I dreamed of becoming a fan artist, but now AI can draw faster and with fair quality than humans.
  • Static translations, even if not accurate enough, has been eliminated by “good enough” products. Only the more challenging real-time interpreting still has demand, or one could consider switching to translating “low-resource languages” (such as various Chinese “dialects”).

However, running artificial intelligence consumes a lot of electricity. Given the current global energy crisis, will the development of artificial intelligence be forced to slow down?

How can artificial intelligence be used to improve productivity?

In the age of artificial intelligence, how can we effectively utilize AI to improve our productivity and avoid being left behind by society?

  • We shouldn’t completely reject Vibe coding, but we also shouldn’t rely on it entirely, and we shouldn’t blindly accept AI-generated code. Who knows when an intelligent rebellion occurs?
  • Artists either need to find a way to become the best human being, or they can use AI to create a draft first and then find a way to refine it.
  • Try to strengthen the connections between people. Some industries emphasize communication with humans and should not be so easily replaced by AI.

  1. For the sake of convenience, we will not take the difference between a single-episode prisoner’s dilemma and a multiple-episode one into account for now. ↩︎

  2. While writing this article, I checked Wiwi’s website and found that he had quietly removed the description of “Firefox is a spyware”. ↩︎

  3. For example some Chromium-only APIs, the issue of whether to take down Manifest V3, and that secretly connection to Google’s server when you query DNS. ↩︎

  4. The mailbox listed on the home page for receiving emails only is not actually completely owned by me, it just belongs to a group that I helped to establish. ↩︎

Boshiamy’s Unclearness

Last updated on Tuesday, April 14, 2026
🚨 Caution

This article about discussion on a certain Chinese IME and is not translated in to English yet (and probably never), please refer to the Chinese version instead.

📌 持續更新!

本頁面是我想到啥就寫啥的,一次可能只會寫一小部份,敬請留意本頁面的持續更新

我知道許多輸入法的運作原理,但能流利使用的並不多,嘸蝦米是其中之一(但目前已非本人主力)。在本人深入的研究之下,發現了這款輸入法(至少從其官方材料為出發點)的一些不完備之處。

字根與鍵位

  • 有許多實際上會用到的字根,在官方字根表中未有列出。有些民間資料會補回這部份字根。
  • 「戶」1、「酉」、「臼」、「卜」等字官方文件聲稱其鍵位乃從發音而來,但我並未找到其所依據的發音為何。不過其他的音碼其實也沒有很明確的取碼標準就是了。
  • 「喪」字都有「捨大根而不用」的嫌疑(「土口口𧘇」>「十口口𧘇」?),且不一定有符合大根原則的「容錯碼」。至於「囧」不取「四」而取作「囗儿ㄇ」或「囗八ㄇ」,我們可以定義「四」內部不可容物來解釋。

拆字

  • 「主」字,我從來沒有搞懂為什麼它拆的是「丶王」而不是「亠土」。(五筆同樣也拆作「丶王」,倉頡和行列就都是拆作「亠土」。嘸蝦米和五筆都有齊「丶亠土王」四個字根,為何不是遵守大字根先取的原則?)
  • 嘸蝦米有「亼」字根,但「余舍」卻不用「亼」這個較大的字根而是拆作「人」。「余」有一個將首碼取作「亼」的容錯碼,「舍」則不設將首碼取作「亼」的容錯碼。更甚的是,官方並未有列出一個「余減掉人」的字根,而是用「禾」權充,而且補碼要取作捺而非點(不然的話會變成次選的容錯碼)。以上現象全部都可以類推到包含這些部件的字上。

兩碼字

  • 「輿」有一個兩碼打法「CB」。此字一般習慣先寫「𦥑(臼)」再寫「車」,拆作「GCEB」,官方碼表亦將「GCEB」列為標準拆法,而「CGEB」為容錯碼。其兩碼打法「CB」列作「首尾碼」不妥。
  • 「辭」字完整拆碼為「ETNL」,亦不存在「辭」字的簡速字根,官方將兩碼打法「EJ」列作首尾碼疑有誤。
  • 「瓜」字最後一筆似應為捺而非點,官方碼表將兩碼打法「GA」列作標準取碼不妥。(但是「GN」又跟「夾」重碼了,所以「GA」也許可以作為硬性編碼留着。)
    • 其他帶有「瓜」部件的字如「孤狐」都有類似問題,補碼作 N 的容錯碼被放到了次選位置。
  • 「干」字按標準取碼,只能拆作「GJ」,沒有 V(附加 V 不是標準取碼,只應算作附加規則),官方將兩碼打法「GV」列作(標準取碼的)首尾碼不妥。
  • 「艦」字的兩碼打法「GF」,官方列作「發音+尾碼」,但其發音不脗合。
  • 「或」字尾筆應為右上角的點,非橫,官方列作簡速字根的規則取碼不妥。「武」字也有類似的問題,取作 WE 而不是 WA。以上字符均不設末筆作點的「容錯碼」。
    • 實際上所有帶有「弋」或「戈」部件的字都是如此。官方有提到這樣的一條規則:「凡是帶有『弋』或『戈』部件的字(包括這兩個字本身),一律先取右上角的點,然後取『𫠠』或『𭠍』,最後取位於這個部件左下方的部份。」但考慮到補碼取用的模糊性,也許也應該加上這樣的一條附加規則:「凡是帶有『弋』或『戈』部件的字(包括這兩個字本身)要取補碼時,一律先考慮位於左下方的部件,然後才考慮從『𫠠』或『𭠍』取補碼」。這麼一來所有帶「弋」或「戈」的字就都能完整地解釋了。
  • 有四個字,存在兩種兩碼字的打法:力 DX DY、門 MI MY、牙 XP YP、乙 ZL ZZ。其官方文檔又說,同一個字佔用兩個兩碼碼位(加 V 的不算)是浪費編碼空間,並以此為據將部份早期版本的兩碼字改掉(儘管更改兩碼字的「常用度」標準可能有主觀之嫌),但又不知為何留了四個「浪費編碼空間」的兩碼字下來。

其他

  • 部份字符繁簡體模式分配欠妥。我有輸入粵語字的需求,例如「瞓」(睡覺的意思)、「劏」等字,明明字形上是繁體,嘸蝦米卻規定這個字符必須要切換至簡體模式才能打出。

  1. 「戶」字,在現代標準漢語及閩南語均以「h」聲母開頭、標準粵語以「w」聲母開頭,反倒是好些其他的南方漢語(從某些粵語或客家話方言、到四川湖北湖南的方言都有)確實是唸作「f」開頭的。 ↩︎

A Brief Discussion on Several Chinese Dialectal Phenomena

I’m not writing this too professionally, just have a look.

Last updated on Tuesday, April 7, 2026
🚨 Caution

This article about discussion on the Chinese language itself and is not translated in to English yet (and probably never), please refer to the Chinese version instead.

以下談談幾個奇怪的漢語方言1現象。

ㄣㄥ(en in & eng ing)不分

Wiwi 在他的文章「三個怪癖」 中提到他說話時有ㄣㄥ不分的現象。據說這是台灣人的普遍現象2,而且其實不只台灣是這樣,就連大陸某些地方(主要在南方)的人都存在。為了解決打字方面的困擾,大陸的好些輸入法甚至有「模糊音」的設計,無論輸入哪一種(用戶覺得不能分的)組合都能出字。

耐人尋味的是,閩南語有個類似ㄧㄥ的韻母(白話字 eng,臺羅 ing),傳統上應該要唸作 [i̯əŋ],跟ㄧㄣ有明顯不同。在北方漢語中,ㄧㄥ韻母往往被唸成 [i̯əŋ] 甚至 [i̯ə̃],而ㄧㄣ就是 [in]。反倒是一些別的南方漢語的確存在上述ㄣㄥ不分的特徵。

閩南語真的是保留入聲的語言嗎?

好些閩南沙文主義狂熱份子自詡閩南語是「保留入聲」的古漢語。但據我一個粵語母語者的個人觀察,台灣的閩南語使用者實際上普遍存在入聲脫落的現象,許多字典中標明是入聲的字已經被發音得與開韻尾無異,除非下一個字以零聲母開頭形成聯誦。不過少數字正腔圓的人倒是真的有好好把入聲韻尾給唸出來。語言隨着時間推移而出現自然變化是一件很正常的事情,但是不應該將某些正在變化(且瀕臨消失)的特徵誇大作某語言存古的證據。

想節能,輪胎能

很多年前有一個廣告當中有句對白「想節能,輪胎能」,因為代言人古天樂普通話太差而被空耳成奇奇怪怪的東西。不過耐人尋味的是,普通話和標準粵語中,「輪」跟「能」都是不同音的,反倒是一些鄉下地方的粵語方言無法區分。古天樂在說粵語的時候應該也是能分的~~(要不然早就被聽出口音來了)~~。順帶一提,「出」和「七」的歸併與上述的歸併其實是平行的,於是「出街瞓」也就變成了「七街瞓」。

粵語的平翹音

不知道有沒有人深入探究過這個疑問。話說 100 年前的廣州話是有分平翹音的(儘管所謂的翹舌音,捲舌幅度遠少於北方漢語,若干字歸類與現代標準漢語3不同),而現在的標準粵語則不再區分。許多文獻寫「現在統統讀成平舌」,我是很懷疑的。根據我自己的個人語感、以及對身邊人發音的觀察,大多數香港人(沒注意大陸的)的粵語發音當中實際上是有兩套塞擦音的,但不再構成音位對立,形成同位異音(allophone,少數人是自由變體 free variation),在「圓唇元音」(粵拼 o, oe, eo, u, yu)前讀作 [tʃ tʃʰ ʃ],而在「非圓唇元音」(粵拼 aa, a, e, i)前讀作 [ts tsʰ s]。4假如不遵守上述法則,雖然不會影響理解,但可能會被認為口音與一般香港人有異。


  1. 在純粹的語言學上,「語言」和「方言」的區分原則很簡單:能互相聽懂的就是「方言」;不能互相聽懂的就是「語言」。有時候「語言」和「方言」之間的界限不總是很清晰。在我的部落格中,我未必會嚴格區分「語言」和「方言」的用法,單純看哪個比較順口就用哪個。 ↩︎

  2. 話說我本來是想寫「通病」的,後來想了想還是放棄了,免得我被罵歧視台灣人。 ↩︎

  3. 「現代標準漢語」是個學術名詞,常見的稱呼有「普通話」、「國語」和「華語」等,但很遺憾地這種語言並不存在一種獲得普遍使用、無歧義、而且能夠使某些政治狂熱份子滿意的稱呼,不管我怎樣稱呼都總會有人不滿意。 ↩︎

  4. 有趣的是,包括本人在內的許多人,s 在 oe、eo 甚至 yu 前面都是讀作 [s] 的。 ↩︎

Promote Chinese Culture

Let’s promote Chinese culture together!

⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

💡 Let’s brainstorm!

Do any of you readers have suggestions for additions? Feel free to submit them via email or private messages!

  1. Cutting in line
  2. Urinating or defecating in public
    • This is actually an extremely ancient method of marking territory, and similar behaviors have been found in different species, with a history far exceeding five thousand years. See also “The entire world belongs to China”.
  3. Watching TikTok/RedNote loudly in public
    • The louder the better to get attention and appreciate the wonders of Chinese culture!
  4. Forcing others to speak Mandarin in a foreign country
    • Chinese people like to force others to speak Mandarin when they are in a foreign country, even if the other person does not look Chinese at all.
    • When you make games or write comics, if you don’t release Chinese translations, you’re not taking Chinese players into consideration.
  5. Randomly being ruhua’ed
    • As the old saying goes: There are three things everyone will inevitably experience in life: birth, death, and ruhua.
  6. Promotion of nucleic acid tests
  7. The entire world belongs to China
    • China cannot lose an inch of its territory!

Perfect Days

So what should an ideal social system look like?

⚠️ Notice

This post is a draft translation from the Chinese version which have not yet been thoroughly proofread.

💡 BlogBlog Club!

This is my submission article for “BlogBlog Club Party - March 2026”. This month’s topic is “Perfect Days”, hosted by Alex Hsu. If you have your own blog, feel free to join us together!

Ideal itinerary

  1. I have mentioned before in another blog post that my biological clock is in an extremely delicate state , which makes it extremely difficult for me to seek “normal” (socially conventional) jobs. I myself have tried to forcefully stick myself to the 10-6 work pattern for several months, but my sleep condition is still very erratic and not always in that suitable-for-work state. But I don’t like going out too late at night (it doesn’t feel too safe). Looks like I can only look for some freelancer jobs? However, given the current economic environment in Hong Kong, jobs of this property are no longer easy to find, and it is difficult to make a living with such a job for a long time (this has been confirmed by a friend who have long used freelance jobs as their main source of income). Of course it would be best if I could turn my biological clock back to normal, but what should I do? Do I have to intervene it by medical means?
  2. I have never been a person who like exercise, I can even say that I hate exercise a bit. Maybe it’s because that my physical condition is too poor. It is said that such an idea goes against social norms and I don’t know if it needs to be corrected. Of course it would be best if other people in society are willing to accept my ideas.
TimeWhat to do
11:00-12:00Get up, have brunch
12:00-13:00Read books (although I don’t have many physical books), create, study various knowledge that I am interested in, and start going to work (if there is one)
13:00-18:00Dating or group activities, or staying at home to play video games, programming, or hanging out on mainstream platforms (although the so-called mainstream platforms are almost only left with YouTube, although friends around me occasionally send me things on Instagram or Threads), arrive at the workplace and start working (if there is one)
18:00-19:00Finish work and start going home (if there is one)
19:00-21:00Take a shower, have dinner
21:00-02:00Continue to delve into hobbies, programming or playing video games
02:00-11:00Go to bed

Ideal social relationships

My social relationships have always been a mess. Maybe I should find some group activities to enrich myself. But given that I hate exercise, the types of activities I can find are relatively limited. Moreover, my trust in strangers is quite low, I am afraid of encountering scammers when I go out to find suitable group activities by myself, so I will basically only take the initiative to participate such activities through introductions from my only existing personal network. Also I can’t burn too much money until I can find a stable job.

But I also don’t like to participate in group activities with too many people, otherwise I can easily become a light bulb. Being with two or three people is the most comfortable state for me.

An ideal social system

  1. I people friendly: Although I have always longed to leave Hong Kong and live abroad, due to economic factors, it is not feasible in the foreseeable future. But I don’t know why I always feel that the way western society operates is not very I people friendly. Living in western countries means that there are more situations that require me to communicate with others face to face, and this is exactly what I am not very good at. I don’t know of any place suitable for me to venture into.
  2. Ideal working environment: I am the kind of person who is not very adaptable to a lifestyle where one day only consists of going to work, getting off work, and resting, and the life is occupied by a lot of boring work, and not paying much attention to work-life balance, so I may not be able to cope with a full-time job? In addition, my preferred working style is that if I see something whose current implementation is suboptimal, and I can come up with some constructive suggestions, I would expect that I can actively express my opinion on it, even if it is something outside the scope of my work.
  3. Ideal work efficiency: In an ideal society, all services should have good and complete customer service. Unfortunately, I don’t have much patience, so I easily fall into the state of “discipline yourself with leniency and treat others with severity”. I have had to contact customer service several times, but the customer service was very inefficient and unable to handle the problem. In the end, not only was the problem not handled well, it also made me feel very bad.

Ideal = Unrealistic?

Halfway through writing, I noticed that Noa and Wiwi mentioned that in the Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese dictionary, the opposite word for “ideal” is “realistic”. As the saying goes, “Ideals are full, reality is skinny”. Whatever you gain, you must lose. It seems that maybe my ideal is too difficult to become real.

Conclusion

Due to the rush of work, the content of the article is not quite well organized. I may update this article in the same place in the future.

I actually have some more radical ideas about an ideal world and an ideal social system, but I won’t talk about them publicly here, lest this blog won’t exist anymore one day.